Prisoner Daniel DAVIS 1883, 1892 and 1897

CHINESE MINER Ah Tung
NATIVE YOUTH TIN MINING Co. Moorina Tasmania

Born at Castlemaine, Victoria in 1858, Daniel Davis was convicted every few years from 1883, soon after his arrival in Tasmania on board the Derwent, to his discharge from the Hobart Gaol in January 1897. Eleven months later, he drowned accidentally in the Mersey at Latrobe, Tasmania. The inquest was reported on the 29th December 1897.



Prisoner DAVIS, Daniel, photographed by T. J. Nevin
Hobart Gaol March 1883.
TMAG Ref: Q15625



Verso inscription: F. C. (free to colony) Derwent 486 18 months
Prisoner DAVIS, Daniel, photographed by T. J. Nevin
Hobart Gaol March 1883.
TMAG Ref: Q15625

Press Reports 1883



Daniel Davis and Richard Harris at trial
The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954) Thu 1 Mar 1883 Page 3 RECORDER'S COURT, LAUNCESTON. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9026521

TRANSCRIPT
ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE
Richard Harris (20) and Daniel Davies [sic] (26), charged with having, at Moorina, on the 29th November, assaulted and robbed Ah Tung of £3 11s, pleaded not guilty. Mr. Miller appeared for the prisoners. Lee Kong was sworn as interpreter. Ah Tung deposed that he was proceeding from a store at Moorina to the Native Youth claim on the night of the 29th November, and was accosted by two men. He was afterwards garotted and robbed by them. After the robbery he picked up a piece of meat and some sugar which had been carried by the prisoners. James Alexander deposed to Harris informing him on the night of the 29th November, when the two prisoners were in witness' hut, that they had robbed a Chinaman that night.
Source: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9026521

The details in this report by the Hobart Mercury were incorrectly reported by newspapers in northern Tasmania in the ensuing week. The victim's name was changed and so was the date the crime was committed. No information about the work the offenders were seeking or undertaking was given, nor the reason the offenders were in the area. It appears their crime was predatory and premeditated.



The trial of Daniel Davis and Richard Harris
The Tasmanian (Launceston, Tas. : 1881 - 1895) Sat 3 Mar 1883 Page 235 Law Courts
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/200314625

TRANSCRIPT
ASSAULT AND ROBBERY. Richard Harris and Daniel Davis pleaded not guilty to the charge of assaulting Ah Kung on the 29th of December, and robbing him of the sum of £3 1ls. Mr. Miller appeared for the prisoner Harris. It appears that the prosecutor was returning on the night in question from a store at Moorina to the Native Youth claim when he was set upon by two men whom he could not identify, and robbed of two £1 notes, a sovereign, a half sovereign, and a shilling. The prisoners admitted to a companion that they had robbed a Chinaman, and their description of the manner in which it was carried out tallied with that given by the prosecutor. Some beef and sugar were picked up by the prosecutor after the robbery, and it was proved that the prisoners had purchased similar articles that morning. The prosecutor admitted having identified a third man named Jones as the offender. His Honor summed up against the prisoners, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty after an absence of not more than a minute or two. SENTENCES. The following were the sentences pronounced.: .. . Richard Harris and Daniel Davis, assault and robbery, eighteen months' imprisonment.
Source: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/200314625

Richard Harris and Daniel Davis were transferred south from the Recorder's Court in Launceston to serve their sentences at the Hobart Gaol in March 1883. Both were photographed on arrival by Thomas J. Nevin. This mugshot (above, TMAG Ref: Q15625) is the first photograph taken of Daniel Davis by T. J. Nevin for police records. The mugshot of Richard Harris, on the other hand, appears not to have survived, for several possible reasons: either Harris did not re-offend; or, he used an alias and kept re-offending; or, indeed, he may have left the colony, and lastly, his 20th century descendants might have destroyed his photo, the latter event believed to be more common than proven. These two entries (below) in convict records give just the barest of details: the photos were kept separately in Photo Books, duplicates of which were pasted to the rap sheet, some mounted as cartes-de-visite, some uncut.



Name: Harris, Richard
Record Type: Convicts
Remarks: Born Tasmania. Tried Launceston
Index number: 30587
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1399477
Conduct Record: CON37/1/11 Page 6161



Name: Davis, Daniel
Record Type: Convicts
Ship: Derwent
Remarks: Tried Launceston Feb 1883
Index number: 17500
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1386017
Conduct Record: CON37/1/11 Page 6160

The victim Ah Tung
Newspaper reports of the assault and robbery by Daniel Davis and Richard Harris varied in certain details: the name of the "Chinaman" they robbed and assaulted was reported as either Ah Kung (Tasmanian 3 March 1883), Ah King (Launceston Examiner 28 Feb 1883) or Ah Tung (Mercury 1 March 1883). The date the offense was committed was reported as 29th November 1882 or 29th December 1882. In every instance, however, the location of the crime was correctly reported.

Ah Tung was assaulted and robbed at Moorina, on his return from the store there to the tin mining settlement working the claim of the Native Youth Tin Mining Company. In the 1880s, there was a thriving Chinese community at Moorina and Weldborough, located near St. Helens in the north east of Tasmania. According to Helene Chung, whose great grandfather mined there -
At its peak, Weldborough had about 700 Chinese miners: most of the State’s 1,000 to 1,300 or so Chinese. The original pub slept three shifts to a bed. Not roulette but mahjong and fan tan were played in the island’s first casino. A lottery was part of gambling and a Chinese man was murdered while taking the proceeds to the bank at nearby Moorina. In 1893 a visiting Chinese opera company performed at Weldborough ....
Source: Helene Chung, ‘One Village – Two Names: A Tasmanian Chinese on a Wild Dragon Chase’, a paper presented at the Chinese Heritage of Australia Federation Conference, Museum of Chinese Australian History, Melbourne, 1-2 July 2000.

Helen Vivian's report on the Chinese tin mining communities in North East Tasmania (1985) gives an overview of the area as Ah Tung would have known it in the 1880s:
The years 1883-85 saw a partial depression in the North East. The most accessible tin deposits had now been worked out and many gold mines were deserted. The European population had greatly diminished as a result. The Secretary of Mines, however, felt that this was more due to a lack of spirit than a lack of mineral wealth. He opined that the initial expectations of the gold miners had been too high and in his report for 1884, spoke favourably of the tin mining industry:
"The tin mining industry appears to be carried on with vigour, the total quantity of ore produced during the six months ended 30th June (1883) being 746 tons, valued at £38,700. Many of the claims in the District are held by co-operative parties, who are steadily prosecuting their work, attracting little or no public attention. A considerable number of Chinese are employed as tributors."
This period of economic slump apparently affected European wage earners far more gravely than the Chinese, who were by now mainly employed on their own account. Thus, the arrival of 200 or more Chinese in 1885 sparked off a determined anti-Chinese immigration campaign championed by the Tasmanian Trades and Labour Council (T.T.L.C.). Protest meetings were organised against Chinese and other non-British immigrants and a number of resolutions calling for the adoption of a restriction~t policy were presented to the Tasmanian government.
Despite the strong anti-Chinese feeling in sectors of the mining community an attempt to start an anti-Chinese movement in the North East met with very little support....
Source: Helen Vivian, op. cit. 1985:19

1892: two more photographs
Two later photographs were pasted to this rap sheet created in August 1892 at the Police Office Devonport on the occasion of Daniel Davis' imprisonment for larceny, sentenced to six months. Who took these photographs or where they were taken is not clear, but what is clear is that the first mugshot taken by Nevin in 1883 did not find its way onto these later gaol records. What else is not clear is why the photograph on the rap sheet dated 1897 was copied as a black and white version and pasted onto the 1892 rap sheet, which was supposedly created five years earlier when the booking mugshot of Daniel Davis was taken sporting a moustache, arms crossed, hands visible against his chest.



Name: Davis, Daniel
Record Type: Prisoners
Year: 1892
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1486028
Resource: GD63/2/1 Page 416



Detail of above: Name: Davis, Daniel
Record Type: Prisoners
Year: 1892
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1486028
Resource: GD63/2/1 Page 416

Discharged from Hobart Gaol January 1897
This photograph of prisoner Daniel Davis, registered as number 696 and dated 1st January 1897, was taken for the purposes of his discharge from the Hobart Gaol, Campbell Street on 16th January 1897.

When this record was created, on the occasion of his discharge from his latest conviction of three months for being idle etc, a summary of eight offences was included dating from the most serious, the assault and robbery in 1883, for which he served 18 months. He was most commonly convicted of larceny, serving 3 to 6 months, almost every year to his death by drowning in 1897.



Detail of criminal record - rap sheet below:

Rap Sheet Details
Photo Reg. No: 696
Date: 1.1.1896
Name: Daniel Davis
Rubber stamped: H.M.Gaol Hobart 4 Jan1897

PARTICULAR MARKS
Star tattooed between thumb and forefinger of left hand.

When Convicted 17.10.96
Where P.O. Latrobe
Offence Idle &
Sentence  3 months
Date of Discharge  16.1. 97
Native Place  Castlemaine, Victoria
Year of Birth  1858
Ship  Derwent  Condition F.C.
Religion R. C.
Edication R & W
State  Single
Height 5.8 Weight 10.0
Build Medium
Complexion  Dark
Color of Hair Black
Color of Eyes Brownish Gray
Trade or Calling Labourer

CRIMINAL HISTORY AND REMARKS
28.2.83   P.O. Launceston Assault & Robbery 18 months
8.9.85     P.O. ditto ((Launceston) Larceny 3 months
14.5.86   P.O. ditto (Launceston)  Larceny 3 months
25.8.88   P.O. Latrobe Larceny 3 months
17.9.89   P.O. Launceston Obscene Language 5 days
17.8.92   P.O. East Devonport Larceny 6 months
7.9.95     P.O. Wynyard Larceny 3 months
17.10.96 P.O. Latrobe Idle & 3 months



Name: Davis, Daniel
Record Type: Prisoners
Year: 1895-1897
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1449801
Resource: GD128/1/2

Death by drowning December 1897



Daniel Davis drowned in the Mersey
Tasmanian News (Hobart, Tas. : 1883 - 1911) Tue 28 Dec 1897 Page 4 NORTHERN NEWS. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/173659505

TRANSCRIPT
Launceston, December 28.
From Latrobe comes word that on Sunday a man named Daniel Davis, aged about 40 years, was found drowned in the Mersey opposite Watt's Hotel by Mr Ready, who was walking along the river bank.
He informed the police, and after making a stretcher they had the body removed to the hotel.
It is surmised that Davis wandered away and accidentally fell into the river.
Source: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/173659505

DEATH REGISTRATION



Name: Davis, Daniel
Record Type: Deaths
Gender: Male
Age: 40
Date of death: 26 Dec 1897
Registered: Mersey
Registration year: 1897
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1216969
Resource: RGD35/1/66 no 462

INQUEST



Daniel Davis inquest
Daily Telegraph (Launceston, Tas. : 1883 - 1928) Wed 29 Dec 1897 Page 8 LATROBE. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154090252

TRANSCRIPT
LATROBE
At the inquest held on the body of Daniel Davis, before Mr. P. C. Maxwell, coroner, and a jury (Mr A. Ellis, foreman), a verdict that he came by his death accidentally by drowning, and not otherwise, was returned.
Source: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154090252



Name: Davis, Daniel
Record Type: Inquests
Age: 40
Date of death: 26 Dec 1897
Date of inquest: 27 Dec 1897
Verdict: Accidentally drowned
Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1354170

ADDENDA: The Joss House 1937



Source: Advocate (Burnie, Tas. : 1890 - 1954) Tue 29 Jun 1937 Page 2 Chinese Joss House Presented to Launceston Museum. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/68486167#

TRANSCRIPT
LAUNCESTON, Monday, - The joss house presented to the Launceston City Council by Chinese residents of Northern Tasmania will be officially opened by the Mayor (Mr. F. Warland Browne) at the Queen Victoria Museum at 3 p.m. next Thursday.
Brought from China in 1884 by the Chinese miners on the North-East Coast, and established at Weldborough, the joss house has been renovated, and its quaint contents have been assembled at the museum in a special section.
This task has meant a great deal of work for Mr. Chung Gon, jun., and Mr and Mrs A Manchester in the past 18 months.



The Joss House donated to the Launceston City Council 1937. Photo dated 1940
Source: https://www.examiner.com.au/story/4429252/from-asia-to-tasmania-photos/#slide=5

EXTERNAL SOURCES

T. J. Nevin's mugshot of John FINELLY taken at the Police Office Hobart March 1874

PRISONER JOHN FINELLY or FINLAY
T. J. NEVIN's MUGSHOT of Finelly 17 March 1874



The National Library of Australia "Port Arthur convicts 1874"
Photograph of prisoner John Finlay in carte-de-visite mountRef: 1029/58
Photographer: T. J. Nevin taken March 1874 at the Police Office Hobart

The prisoner in this photograph arrived in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) as John Finelly on board the convict transport Pestongee Bomangee (3) in January 1849, and although the judiciary recorded his name as John Finlay or Finelly for his various offences committed in Tasmania in the 1870s, his death from "softening of the brain" at 75 years old was registered on 8th March 1883 in Launceston Tasmania as John Fenelly [sic].

John Finelly was a 24 year old illiterate farm labourer from Kings County, Ireland when he was transported for seven years for stealing a cow, arriving at Hobart on 2nd January 1849. This record details his arrival and various offences to 1855 including the alias "John Brown" he used in 1854 when reconvicted.



Conduct Record for John Finlay or Finelly
TAHO Ref: CON33-1-92_00113_L

When John Finlay or Finelly was sentenced to seven years on 17th September 1872 at the Recorder's Court, Launceston Tasmania for breaking into a building and stealing, he was transferred to the Hobart Gaol in Campbell Street where he remained for three months until December 1872 when he was transferred to the Port Arthur prison on the Tasman peninsula, 60 kms south of Hobart. While there at Port Arthur he was sentenced to ten days in solitary confinement for disobedience of orders and was transferred back to the Hobart Gaol on 9th January 1874 from where he managed to escape with William Smith on 14th March, 1874 (see Addenda below).. His name was included in the list of 109 prisoners sent to Port Arthur from 1871 and tabled in Parliament to return to the Hobart Gaol by October 1873.

PRESS REPORTS of the ESCAPE & RECAPTURE
Escape and Re-capture.-About a quarter to six o'clock on Saturday evening as two of the gaol officers named respectively, Thompson and Smith, were proceeding on night duty, they observed two men named Finlay and Webster, both Port Arthur " pets" and at present undergoing sentences in the House of Correction for males, Campbell-street, cross the tramway leading from Campbell-street to the Government Domain. The runaways were instantly challenged to stand, one of the officers giving the alarm to the man on duty at the main gate. Mr. J. T. Smith, the senior constable, and a suitable reinforcement, at once gave chase, the prisoners making speedy headway towards Cornelian Bay. During the heat of the pursuit the constables were joined by a man in the employment of the Rev. Canon Davenport ; on coming up with the levanters this man was struck violently on the head with a stone, thrown at him by Webster. Both Webster and Finlay were re-arrested and taken back to their old quarters. It appears that on Saturday night the prisoners are taken to a bath in the yard, and the two men who ' escaped, taking advantage of a fitting opportunity, concealed themselves until the other prisoners had quitted the yard, and then effected their escape by scaling the wall. It is to be hoped that the man who assisted the constables will receive some compensation for the injury he sus-tained, and the service he rendered.
Source: The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954) Mon 16 Mar 1874 Page 2 THE MERCURY.
ABSCONDERS from Gaol.-Wm. Smith and John Finlay, each under a sentence of seven years, pleaded guilty to absconding from the House of Correction on the 14th instant. Sentenced to six months imprisonment with hard labour.
Assault,-William Smith alias Webster, one of the prisoners in the previous case, pleaded guilty to assaulting George Smith, in the employ of tho Rev. Canon Davenport.
George Smith deposed that while assisting to capture the prisoner, who had escaped from gaol, he (the prisoner) struck witness on the head with a large stone. Sentenced to one month's solitary confinement.
Source: The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954) Wed 18 Mar 1874 Page 2 CITY POLICE COURT.

When captured, escapee John Finlay or Finelly was sentenced at the Mayor's Court, Hobart Town Hall, to six months to be served once more at the Port Arthur prison. He was photographed by Thomas J. Nevin at the Municipal Police Office, Hobart Town Hall [P.O. Hobart] on 17th March 1874 as soon as the conviction was recorded (see Conduct Record transcript above). Finelly was received once again at Port Arthur on 29th March 1874. In December 1874 he was committed twice to spells of 24 hours and seven days in solitary confinement at Port Arthur for disobedience and insubordinate conduct respectively. He was transferred back to the House of Corrections for Males (the Hobart Gaol, Campbell Street) on 17th April 1877 on the closure of the Port Arthur prison. John Finelly was discharged in January 1879 and returned to Launceston where he died on 8th March 1883. These details are taken from records held at the Tasmanian Heritage and Archives Office, Hobart, Tasmania, CONDUCT Register - Port Arthur (CON94-1-2) for the years 1873-1876 (see complete index below):



Folio 25: Detail of image 49 below:

TRANSCRIPT CON94-1-2_00049_L Image 49
John Finlay or Finelly "Pes: Bom: (3) Transported for Breaking into a building and Stealing
Tried S.Crt Launceston 17th Sept. 1872 (7) Seven years (Lnton)
Transferred to H.[Hobart] Gaol (Males) 9.1.74. P.O.[ Police Office] H. [Hobart] Town 17.3.74 Escaping (6) Six months
Received again at P.A. 29.3.74
Transferred to the H.C. [House of Corrections] Hobart
17 April 1877


Folio 25: Image 49 on left: CON94-1-2_00049_L Image 49
John Finlay or Finelly "Pes: Bom: (3) Transported for Breaking into a building and Stealing
Tried S.Crt Launceston 17th Sept. 1872 (7) Seven years (Lnton)
Transferred to H.[Hobart] Gaol (Males) 9.1.74. P.O.[Police Office] H. [Hobart] Town 17.3.74 Escaping (6) Six months
Received again at P.A. 29.3.74
Transferred to the H.C. [House of Corrections] Hobart
17 April 1877
Folio 25: Image 50 on right:
CON94-1-2_00049_L Image 50 [second page of John Finlay/Finelly]
From Ledger 18/292
P.A. 17.12.72. Disobedience of Orders 10 days Soly [solitary] Conft [confinement]
ditto [P.A.] 7.12.74. Disobedience of Order. 24 Hours S.C.
ditto [P.A.] 19.12.74 Disobedience of Orders & Insubordinate Conduct 7 days S.C.
Police Registers and Gazettes
The Tasmanian Police Gazettes, published weekly, which began to document in detail all crimes, warrants, arraignments, convictions, returns of inmate numbers, and discharges from the mid 1860s, are clearly the most comprehensive source of an offender's criminal career. Tasmanian Prison Registers in bound form of criminal record sheets to which the prisoner's mugshot was pasted have not survived in public archives from the decade of the 1870s (it would appear, up to this point, at least), but those bound registers extant from the late 1880s onwards with photographs included which are held at the Archives Office Tasmania (TAHO) have indeed survived and give a clear idea of the meticulous systematic documentation undertaken by the Colonial government's administration.

Smaller registers from 1870s, however, do survive, which document prisoners' sentences in the Hobart and Launceston Sessional and Supreme Courts, particularly those which record men sent to the Port Arthur prison from 1871 and returned to the Hobart Gaol from October 1873 to January 1874 at the request of Parliament. Thomas Nevin photographed this group (109) after the processing of their warrant and photograph at the Hobart Gaol and Municipal Police Office, Town Hall. Those photographs were reproduced in duplicate (four or more) with at least one pasted to the prisoner's criminal record sheet. Most of these 1870s extant photographs are now loose; they were either removed in the 1900s from the sheets for archiving, and the sheets destroyed, or they are duplicates produced by the original photographer Thomas J. Nevin in the 1870s or by a later copyist such as J. W. Beattie ca.1900 .

Online at TAHO is one such register, the CONDUCT Register - Port Arthur (CON94-1-2) for the years 1873-1876. John Finlay as Finelly is listed on the first page of the Index, Folio 25 (see Folio 25 above). This register not only lists many of the names of prisoners as those whose photographs have survived from the 1870s, it also documents in detail the daily earnings of the prisoner while incarcerated at Port Arthur. Most important are the Hobart Police Office's annotations from warrants with the prisoner's dates of arrival and departure from Port Arthur, plus further sentences dealt out in the Hobart courts for crimes committed into the 1880s and concommitant sentences at the Hobart Gaol. Several of these men were sent to Port Arthur at the end of 1874, a year after the departure of the non-photographer Commandant A. H. Boyd (Dec. 1873), whom some would wish to believe photographed them there (eg the corruptible Margie Burn at the NLA for their collection 2007;  the fantasies of silly Julia Clark at the Port Arthur Heritage Site). This is a clear indication that this register was maintained conjointly by the police administration in Hobart and clerks at Port Arthur from 1873 and beyond the date of closure of Port Arthur in 1877. The red ink on these records, according to journalist Marcus Clarke, author of For the Term of His Natural Life (1874) was added at the Hobart Police Office where he viewed them on request:
When at Hobart Town I had asked an official of position to allow me to see the records, and - in consideration of the Peacock - he was obliging enough to do so. There I found set down, in various handwritings, the history of some strange lives... and glancing down the list, spotted with red ink for floggings, like a well printed prayer-book ...



Source: Marcus Clarke, THE SKETCHER. (1873, August 2). The Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. : 1864 - 1946), p. 5. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article137581230

The photographs of many of these prisoners on the list are held at the National Library of Australia as loose items (84 in 2010). When first accessioned by the NLA, the photographs were housed in a large leather-bound album, similar to a conventional 19th century family album (1962/1985 and personally witnessed for this weblog in 2000). None were pasted to criminal record sheets, and no accompanying register was recorded. Donated as estrays from exhibitions (e.g. on board the fake convict hulk Success 1890s, and the Royal Hotel, Sydney 1915), sourced originally from a defunct government department (by Dr Neil Gunson in 1964), and viewed already as aesthetic rather than vernacular artefacts, these mugshots in their original context would have accompanied this particular register, (CON94-1-2):



Finlay, John (as Finelly) - Pest. Bomangee - Folio 25
Entered on first page of Index of -
Item: CON94-1-2
Title: TASMAN'S PENINSULA - CONDUCT REGISTERS, PORT ARTHUR.



Archives Office of Tasmania – digitised record
Item: CON94-1-2
Series Number: CON94
Title: TASMAN'S PENINSULA - CONDUCT REGISTERS, PORT ARTHUR.
Start Date: 01 Jan 1868
End Date: 30 Sep 1876

POLICE GAZETTE 1872



Source: Tasmania Reports of Crime Information for Police (weekly police gazettes).

The police gazette recorded that John Finlay transported as Finelly, on the ship Pestonjee Bomanjee 3, was free in servitude = F.S. and convicted of breaking into a building, sentenced on the 19th September 1872 to seven years at the Recorder's Court, Launceston. He was transferred to the Hobart Gaol where he remained until December 1872, then taken down to Port Arthur. He was transferred with 109 prisoners back to the Hobart Gaol in January 1874  from where he escaped. He was captured and sentenced at the Mayor's Court, Hobart Town Hall, to six months. He was photographed by Thomas j. Nevin at the Municipal Police Office, Hobart Town Hall in March 1874 on the Mayor's Court conviction before returning once more to the Port Arthur prison where he remained until 1877 when the prison closed. He was sent back to the Hobart Gaol where he was discharged in 1879. He died in Launceston in 1883.

COURT RECORD 1872



Right page:
22nd August, John Finlay, of Evandale Tasmania, 7 years
TAHO Ref: AB693-1-1_101

Death of John Fenelly [sic]
When John Finelly was sentenced in 1872 to seven years for breaking into a building, he was a farm labourer, FS (free in servitude) living at Evandale in the north of the island. When he was discharged in 1879 from the Hobart Gaol, he returned to the north and died at the Launceston Hospital in March 1883.



Record 1089: Deaths in the District of Launceston
John Finelly, male, 75 yrs, laborer, softening of the brain,
Thomas Doolan, Undertaker, Launceston
Registered on 16th March 1883
TAHO Ref: 007368146_00026

T. J. Nevin's photograph of John Finelly or Finlay
Offline and viewed in situ at the National Library of Australia in the plastic folder sleeves and pockets (see examples below) in which they are housed, these very old 1870s and 1880s photographs of Tasmanian prisoners lose a good deal of their visual appeal which they otherwise seem to project when enlarged and digitised for online viewing. The staff at the National Library of Australia readily protest that these photographs are prized as unique artefacts when confronted with criticism about the way they are treating their collection. Yet the plastic pockets - which are not the celluloid pockets used for other photographs in their collections - are contributing to the decay of these photographs and is clear evidence that the NLA staff prefer to dissemble, at times even respond with aggression when called out. Likewise, the manner in which the NLA staff since 2007 have compromised government contractor Thomas J. Nevin's historically correct attribution as the commercial photographer of these mugshots with baseless and brazen tourist propaganda from Port Arthur Heritage Site's disgraced former employee Julia Clark, is inflicting damage of another kind to the nation's cultural memory which these photographs inform. They should at the very least receive mature and professional treatment, but Australia's cultural heritage, it seems in this instance, is not necessarily immune from abuse by the very public institutions entrusted to preserve it.



The National Library of Australia "Port Arthur convicts 1874"
Top right: photograph of prisoner John Finlay in carte-de-visite mount
Ref: 1029/58
Photographer: T. J. Nevin March 1874 Police Office Hobart
Taken at the NLA January 2015
Photos copyright © KLW NFC Imprint 2015



The National Library of Australia "Port Arthur convicts 1874"
Top right: verso of photograph of prisoner John Finlay in carte-de-visite mount numbered "132"
Ref: 1029/58
Photographer: T. J. Nevin March 1874 Police Office Hobart
Taken at the NLA January 2015
Photos copyright © KLW NFC Imprint 2015

This was the only photograph taken of John Finlay or Finelly. It was NOT taken at Port Arthur by anyone other than T. J. Nevin. Duplicates were displayed in the early 1900s by convictarian John Watt Beattie in his "Port Arthur Museum" in Hobart, one of dozens numbered and labelled by Beattie as "Taken at Port Arthur 1874", including details of the tranportee's ship, to entice local and intercolonial tourists to the ruins of the Port Arthur prison at the turn of the 20th century.

At least four duplicates were made by Nevin from his original negative. His duplicate of John Finelly's  photograph which bears the number "86" is still held in Beattie's donated collection at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston . This number was either written on the QVMAG's cdv when it was exhibited between 1938 and 1977 (Mechanics Institute and QVMAG, Launceston) or during 1983-1984 when it was removed from the QVMAG and taken south for an exhibition at the Port Arthur Heritage Site. QVMAG and PAHSMA employees who mounted that exhibition (eg E. Wishart, K. Simpson) inscribed the additional date "1849" - the date of Finelly's arrival in VDL - on the verso in 1983.

The cdv held at the National Library of Australia of John Finelly or Finelly bears no numbering on the recto. It also bears the number "132" on verso but not the date "1849". Number "132" was listed as missing from Beattie's collection at the QVMAG when the list was typed up in the 1980s. It was most likely removed by Beattie from his collection to be exhibited in Sydney in 1915 in association with convictaria exhibited on board the fake convict hulk Success. Those items were offered for sale, many of which were purchased and resold by private collectors, to be donated decades later to the NLA (eg Niel Gunson, 1964).  Another possible source of some of the NLA's collection of "Port Arthur convicts 1874", Nevin's photo of John Finlay or Finelly included,  was an album of Tasmanian prisoner mugshots from various sources handed over to the NLA by John McPhee in the 1980s (personal communication, NGA, Canberra 1985).  John McPhee was the curator of the Thomas J. Nevin exhibition of mugshots from Beattie's collection at the QVMAG in 1977.



Prisoner John Finlay or Finelly
QVMAG Ref: 1985_P_0099
Photographer: T. J. Nevin March 1874 PO Hobart



Verso: Prisoner John Finlay or Finelly with the addition of the date "1849"
QVMAG Ref: 1985_P_0099
Photographer: T. J. Nevin March 1874 Police Office Hobart



A paper copy of the QVMAG cdv is also held at the Tasmanian Archives and Heritage Office, Hobart. More than 300 of these extant police mugshots taken by police and commercial photographer Thomas J. Nevin in the 1870s-80s at the Port Arthur prison, the Hobart Gaol (assisted by his brother Constable John Nevin) and the Hobart Municipal Police Office (Mayor’s Court, Hobart Town Hall) are held in the John Watt Beattie Collection at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston; the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart; the Tasmanian Archives and Heritage Office Hobart; the Port Arthur Heritage Site, Tasman Peninsula; the National Library of Australia, Canberra; and the State Library of NSW, Sydney. Most are Nevin’s originals and duplicates produced in carte-de-visite format; some were reproduced from Nevin’s glass negatives by Beattie for sale and exhibition in Hobart at his convictaria museum and in Sydney at the Royal Hotel in conjunction with convictaria for the travelling exhibition on board the fake prison ship Success (1916). An exhibition of these photographs by T. J. Nevin was held at the Art Gallery of NSW in 1976 (Daniel Thomas cur. ) and at the QVMAG in 1977 (John McPhee cur.).



Examiner, Launceston March 10, 1977
The QVMAG Exhibition 1977

TRANSCRIPT
CONVICT STUDIES ON DISPLAY
Photographs of the last of Australia's convicts at port Arthur in 1874 are on display at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston.
Taken by T. J. Nevin, of Hobart, the photographs represent the last century's great interest in phrenology and the belief in various methods of identifying the "criminal" type.
Comparable with these are plaster casts of the heads and the records and drawings of the dissected skulss of executed convicts.
All the photographs have the name of the convict recorded on the reverse; some have details of their crimes, the date of their transportation and a record of the ship on which they were transported.
Many of these old men photographed in 1874 were transported 40 years earlier as boys.
At the time these 19th century prisoner photographs taken by Nevin on government contract for the Attorney-General's Department were exhibited in the 1970s at the QVMAG, their true origin as prisoner identification police photographs was subjoined to death masks and subjudicated by a curatorial gaze which mistakenly assumed they were devised for contemporary middle-class fascinations with popular movements such as phrenology and eugenics. These mugshots were taken for the police by Nevin on contract from the early 1870s to 1886, to be used in daily surveillance and detection, for the same reasons that mugshots are taken and used today.

Addenda: William Smith as Webster
Prisoner William Smith as Webster per Rodney 2 was prisoner no. 9435, tried at Lancaster in 1842, 18 years old, transported for 7 years. He escaped from the Hobart Gaol with John Finelly or Finlay on the 14th March 1874. was recaptured with Finelly the same day and was sentenced to six months hard labour with an additional one month in solitary confinement for striking one of his pursuers on the head with a stone (see Mercury notices above).



Prisoner no. 9435, William Smith
TAHO Ref: CON33-1-39_00204_L

This is the record of earnings at Port Arthur for William Smith as Webster per Rodney 2. This man was prisoner no. 9435, tried at Lancaster in 1842, 17 years old, transported for 7 years. He was transferred to the House of Corrections (Males) , i.e. the Hobart Gaol in Campbell St. from the Port Arthur prison on 4th December 1873 to serve the six months remaining of his sentence.



"The Governor in Council directs that this man shall serve six months from the 4th instant with industry, good conduct, and subordination to entitle him to freedom.
Signed W.. Giblin
Attorney-General's Office
4th December 1873"



Source: TAHO
CON94-1-1_00617_L; CON94-1-1_00617_L
Conduct register - Port Arthur
Start Date:01 Jan 1868 End Date:31 Dec 1869
Copy Number:Z1436
Series: CON94 TASMAN'S PENINSULA CONDUCT REGISTERS
PORT ARTHUR. 01 Jan 1868 to 30 Sep 1876

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Prisoner John APPLEBY 1873

PRISONER JOHN APPLEBY Tasmanian mugshots 1870s
PETITIONS DECLINED
FAKE HISTORY EXHIBITIONS 1900s



Prisoner John Appleby, Hobart Gaol, Tasmania
Photographed by Thomas J. Nevin, September 1873
NB: The catalogue entry title was devised by the NLA from the verso inscription.
NB: The number "84" is missing from this catalogue entry.

National Library of Australia catalogue
"John Appleby, per Candahar, taken at Port Arthur, 1874"
Call Number PIC Album 935 #P1029/51
Created/Published 1874
Extent 1 photograph on carte-de-visite mount : albumen ; 9.4 x 5.6 cm., on mount 10.4 x 6.4 cm.

The verso (below) of this carte-de-visite of John Appleby held at the NLA is numbered "84" which was the number assigned to the copy made in the 1900s by John Watt Beattie from the glass negative of Thomas Nevin's original capture taken at the Hobart Gaol in 1873 where Appleby was transferred from the Port Arthur prison after his petition to the Governor was declined.

The inscription 'Taken at Port Arthur 1874" is Beattie's confabulation of facts in the name of tourism. Beattie prepared copies of these prisoner cdv's for display in his collection of Tasmanian convictaria at his "Port Arthur Museum" located at 51 Murray St. Hobart (and not at Port Arthur) to coincide with the first of two early 20th century film adaptations (1908-9, 22 minutes - see theatre poster below; the second was filmed at Port Arthur in 1927) of Marcus Clarke's popular fiction For The Term of His Natural Life which appeared as a serial in 1870 and in novel form in 1874. Hence the date "1874" and the place "Taken at Port Arthur" written on the verso of this cdv when the actual date and the actual place of photographic capture were respectively 1873 and the Hobart Gaol in Campbell Street. Beattie fabricated this fake history for several dozen original mugshots taken in the 1870s by government contractor T. J. Nevin because he was required under the terms of his own commission as government contractor (from ca. 1900) to market photographic imagery of Tasmania's penal heritage to the intercolonial tourist. The loose cdv's such as this one of prisoner John Appleby were prepared for sale and exhibition at Sydney's Royal Hotel in 1915 to be displayed as Port Arthur relics, alongside relics and documents associated with the fake convict hulk Success which visited Hobart, Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide. The collection of "convict portraits" held at the National Library of Australia Canberra and at the State Library of NSW in the Mitchell Collection are the estrays from these exhibitions. The NLA photographs inscribed verso with "Taken at Port Arthur 1874" were NOT taken at Port Arthur, despite the title devised by the cataloguist at the NLA from the cdv's verso inscription, nor were they taken by the reviled commandant A. H. Boyd. These ahistoric furphies continue to be promulgated by "interpretationists" at the Port Arthur Historic Site theme park who would wish to inveigle their visitors in the same way that Beattie et al deceived visitors to his museum in the 1900s in the name of tourism.



Verso the cdv of John Appleby held at the NLA
Inscription includes the number "84" and the wording "Taken at port Arthur 1874"
Fake history prepared in the 1900s for exhibitions associated with the fake hulk Success
Photo copyright © KLW NFC 2016 ARR

TRANSPORTATION & POLICE RECORDS
John Appleby alias Young was transported to Tasmania on board the Candahar in 1842, sentenced to 15 years for burglary. This record details his age, appearance, marital status, conduct etc on arrival. His occupation was painter and glazier. He was given a conditional pardon in September 1850 (CP), but by 1871 he was incarcerated again, sentenced to six years at the Supreme Court Hobart.



John Appleby per Candahar 1842 record: TAHO REF: CON33-1-23_00004_L



Detail of above: John Appleby per Candahar 1842 record: TAHO REF: CON33-1-23_00004_L

John Appleby, free in service (FS), was tried in the Supreme Court Hobart on 4th July 1871 and sentenced to 6 years for receiving stolen plate. His petition lodged twelve months later, on the 11th June 1872 was declined by the Attorney-General, and on the 20th September 1873 he was transferred to the Hobart Gaol, Campbell St. from the Port Arthur prison where Thomas J. Nevin photographed him on being received. Two years later, on the 13th August 1875, the residue of Appleby's sentence was remitted- see detail of record above, column extreme right - viz:.
The Governor's inf has declined to interfere 11/6/72
Hobart Gaol 20/9/73
Gov. inf. 13/8/75
Residue remitted



From February 1872, when the Attorney-General the Hon. W. R. Giblin commissioned Thomas J. Nevin to undertake the systematic photographing of prisoners, those prisoners whose petitions to the Governor were declined were among the first to be photographed. With the assistance of Frederick Stops, clerk and "right-hand man" to the A-G, Thomas Nevin collaborated on collating information on prisoner records, both visual and written through the 1870s into the mid-1880s.



Source: Tasmania Reports of Crime Information for Police 1871-1875, James Barnard Gov't Printer

John Appleby was photographed again in the fortnight prior to discharge on March 4th, 1875, per regulations laid down in the Victoria and NSW Police Acts 1871-1872, adopted in Tasmania after the visit by Victoria's Solicitor-General in January 1872.



MacMahon and Carroll's ... For the term of his natural life
by Academy of Music (Launceston, Tas.) Date 1909]
Archives Office Tasmania. Link: https://stors.tas.gov.au/AUTAS001128189875j2k

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Australia's FIRST MUGSHOTS

PLEASE NOTE: Below each image held at the National Library of Australia is their catalogue batch edit which gives the false impression that all these "convict portraits" were taken solely because these men were transported convicts per se (i.e before cessation in 1853), and that they might have been photographed as a one-off amateur portfolio by a prison official at the Port Arthur prison in 1874, which they were not. Any reference to the Port Arthur prison official A. H. Boyd on the NLA catalogue records is an error, a PARASITIC ATTRIBUTION with no basis in fact. The men in these images were photographed in the 1870s-1880s because they were repeatedly sentenced as habitual offenders whose mugshots were taken on arrest, trial, arraignment, incarceration and/or discharge by government contractor, police and prisons photographer T. J. Nevin at the Supreme Court and adjoining Hobart Gaol with his brother Constable John Nevin, and at the Municipal Police Office, Hobart Town Hall when appearing at The Mayor's Court. The Nevin brothers produced over a thousand originals and duplicates of Tasmanian prisoners, the bulk now lost or destroyed. The three hundred extant mugshots were the random estrays salvaged - and reproduced in many instances- for sale at Beattie's local convictaria museum in Hobart and at interstate exhibitions associated with the fake convict ship Success in the early 1900s. The mugshots were selected on the basis of the prisoner's notoriety from the Supreme Court trial registers (Rough Calendar), the Habitual Criminals Registers (Gaol Photo Books), warrant forms, and police gazettes records of the 1870s-1880s. The earliest taken on government contract by T. J. Nevin date from 1872. The police records sourced here are from the weekly police gazettes which were called (until 1884) Tasmania Reports of Crime Information for Police 1871-1885. J. Barnard, Gov't Printer.